•
Arylation by aryl iodides is promoted by copper(I) iodide: Synthesis, 67 (1983); J. Org. Chem., 58, 7606 (1993); or trans-Dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II), 10491: Synthesis, 506 (1985).•
For use in the synthesis of pyrrole derivatives, see p-Toluenesulfonylmethyl isocyanide, A14312.• Stereoselective alkylation of the active methylene has been accomplished under particularly mild conditions with secondary alkyl mesylates in the presence of CsF in DMF; complete inversion occurs at the secondary alkyl carbon: J. Org. Chem., 60, 2627 (1995).
• For examples of Knoevenagel condensations of cyanoacetic esters with carbonyl compounds, see: Org. Synth. Coll., 3, 385, 399 (1955); 4, 93, 463 (1963); review: Org. React., 15, 204 (1967). Knoevenagel condensation with aromatic aldehydes has also been carried out under acidic conditions, for example, good yields have been obtained with ZnCl2: Tetrahedron Lett., 32, 5821 (1991).