• The Cl substituent is activated to nucleophilic substitution by the p-nitro-group, and can be displaced under relatively mild conditions. For displacement by phenoxide, see: Org. Synth. Coll., 2, 445 (1943). For displacement by alkoxide in good yield, in the presence of TBAB or 18-crown-6, see: J. Org. Chem., 48, 3022 (1983).