Description

Graft-versus-host disease,Malignant melanoma

Description

Nilotinib (AMN-107, Tasigna) is a Bcr-Abl inhibitor with IC50 less than 30 nM.

Targets

IC₅₀

In Vitro

Nilotinib inhibits proliferation, migration, and actin filament formation, as well as the expression of α-SMA and collagen in activated HSCs. Nilotinib induces apoptosis of HSCs, which is correlated with reduced bcl-2 expression, increases p53 expression, cleavage of PARP, as well as increases expression of PPARγ and TRAIL-R. Nilotinib also induces cell cycle arrest, accompanied by increased expression of p27 and downregulation of cyclin D1. Interestingly, Nilotinib not only inhibits activation of PDGFR, but also TGFRII through Src. Nilotinib significantly inhibits PDGF and TGFβ-simulated phosphorylation of ERK and Akt. Furthermore, PDGF- and TGFβ-activated phosphorylated form(s) of Abl in human HSCs are inhibited by Nilotinib. ^[2] Nilotinib inhibits most imatinib-resistant Bcr-Abl mutations, except for T315I. ^[3] Nilotinib inhibits PDGF-DD-mediated ERK1/2 activation, basal and PDGF-DD-mediated activation of PDGFRβ and Akt, and schwannoma proliferation. Nilotinib is more potent than imatinib, exerting its maximal inhibitory effect at concentrations lower than steady-state trough plasma levels. ^[4] Nilotinib also significantly reduces the expression levels of the genes for TGF-β1 and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Nilotinib treatment also significantly inhibits the PDGF-induced proliferation of lung fibroblasts. ^[5] Nilotinib inhibits the proliferation of Ba/F3 cells expressing p210- and p190-Bcr-Abl, or K562 and Ku-812F cells with IC50 values ≤12 nM. ^[6]

In Vivo

Nilotinib reduces collagen deposition and α-SMA expression in CCl₄ and BDL-induced fibrosis. Nilotinib could induce HSC undergoing apoptosis, which is correlated with downregulation of bcl-2. ^[2] Nilotinib attenuates the extent of lung injury and fibrosis. Nilotinib therapy significantly reduces the levels of hydroxyproline on days 14 and 21, which is accompanied by decreased expression levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and PDGFRβ. ^[5] AMN107 prolongs survival of mice injected with Bcr-Abl-transformed hematopoietic cell lines or primary marrow cells, and prolongs survival in imatinib-resistant CML mouse models. ^[6]

Clinical Trials

Nilotinib has entered in a phase IV clinical trial in the treatment of philadelphia chromosome positive and chronic myelogenous leukemia in chronic phase.

Features

Nilotinib is a selective inhibitor of native and mutant Bcr-Abl.

Description

Nilotinib combined with the MEK1/2 inhibitor selumetinib (AZD6244) at low concentrations displays stronger efficiency toward tumor growth inhibition, compared with Nilotinib alone. ^[4] Nilotinib plus imatinib has entered in a phase III clinical trial in the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia.

Cell Lines

Human primary Schwann and schwannoma cells

Concentrations

1-10 μM

Incubation Time

72 hours

Methods

Human primary Schwann and schwannoma cells are seeded on precoated 96-well plates. Nilotinib is added 40 minutes before stimulation with 100 ng/mL PDGF-DD, and cells are cultured for 72 hours (3 days). Because the half-life of Nilotinib is 18 hours, one-half of the originally added concentrations are added freshly every day. In addition to DAPI staining and determination of the total cell number, the more sensitive and accurate BrdU incorporation method is used to detect proliferating cells. Total cell amount (DAPI) and number of dividing cells (BrdU-positive) are blindly counted using an inverted fluorescent microscope and 200 × magnification. All cells in every well are counted. The total cell number per well differed between various cell batches and is 100–300 cells/well.

Animal Models

Systemic 32D Bcr-Abl leukemia model in Female BALB/c mice, Bioluminescent Bcr-Abl model of CML in Female NOD-SCID mice and Bone marrow transplant Bcr-Abl model of CML in syngeneic Balb/c recipient mice

Formulation

10% NMP-90% PEG300, PEG300

Doses

75 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg

Administration

Oral administration