Biochem/physiol Actions APAD is an NAD analog with higher oxidation potential than NAD. It can substitute for NAD as a hydrogen-accepting cofactor in many dehydrogenase reactions; e.g. lactate dehydrogenase from Toxoplasma, Clonorchis, and Plasmodium, bacterial lipoamide dehydrogenase, as well as mammalian dehydrogenases. It can also act as a proton acceptor in various transhydrogenation reactions with NADH or NADPH. Linkage Analog of NAD