Substance
ID:943
Names and Identifiers
Brand Name
CloazepamIktorivilLandsenKlonopin Rapidly DisintegratingRivotrilClonopinAntelepsinAntilepsinKlonopin
IUPAC name
5-(2-chlorophenyl)-7-nitro-2,3-dihydro-1H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one
Synonyms
ChlonazepamClonazepamumClonazepam
IUPAC Traditional name
clonazepam
Properties
Physical Property
Hydrophobicity(logP)
2.7
Solubility
<0.1 mg/mL
Molecule Details
Drug Groups
illicit; approved
Description
An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor responses. [PubChem]
Indication
Used as an anticonvulsant in the treatment of the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (petit mal variant), akinetic and myoclonic seizures.
Pharmacology
Clonazepam, a benzodiazepine, is used primarily as an anticonvulsant in the treatment of absence seizures, petit mal variant seizures (Lennox-Gastaut syndrome), akinetic and myoclonic seizures, and nocturnal myoclonus.
Toxicity
Somnolence, confusion, coma, and diminished reflexes
Affected Organisms
Humans and other mammals
Biotransformation
Hepatic (cytochrome P450, including CYP3A). Biotransformation occurs mainly by reduction of the 7-nitro group to the 4-amino derivative. This derivative can be acetylated, hydroxylated, and glucuronidated.
Absorption
Clonazepam is rapidly and completely absorbed after oral administration. The absolute bioavailability of clonazepam is about 90%.
Half Life
30-40 hours
Protein Binding
85%
Elimination
Clonazepam is highly metabolized, with less than 2% unchanged clonazepam being excreted in the urine. Metabolites of Klonopin are excreted by the kidneys
References
•
Dreifuss FE, Penry JK, Rose SW, Kupferberg HJ, Dyken P, Sato S: Serum clonazepam concentrations in children with absence seizures. Neurology. 1975 Mar;25(3):255-8.
[Pubmed]
•
Robertson MD, Drummer OH: Postmortem drug metabolism by bacteria. J Forensic Sci. 1995 May;40(3):382-6.
[Pubmed]
•
Rosen GM, Turner MJ 3rd: Synthesis of spin traps specific for hydroxyl radical. J Med Chem. 1988 Feb;31(2):428-32.
[Pubmed]
•
Rosen GM, Demos HA, Rauckman EJ: Not all aromatic nitro compounds form free radicals. Toxicol Lett. 1984 Aug;22(2):145-52.
[Pubmed]
•
Earley JV, Fryer RI, Ning RY: Quinazolines and 1,4-benzodiazepines. LXXXIX: Haptens useful in benzodiazepine immunoassay development. J Pharm Sci. 1979 Jul;68(7):845-50.
[Pubmed]
External Links
Molecular Spectra
No Data Available
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References
• Rosen GM, Demos HA, Rauckman EJ: Not all aromatic nitro compounds form free radicals. Toxicol Lett. 1984 Aug;22(2):145-52. Pubmed
• Robertson MD, Drummer OH: Postmortem drug metabolism by bacteria. J Forensic Sci. 1995 May;40(3):382-6. Pubmed
• Earley JV, Fryer RI, Ning RY: Quinazolines and 1,4-benzodiazepines. LXXXIX: Haptens useful in benzodiazepine immunoassay development. J Pharm Sci. 1979 Jul;68(7):845-50. Pubmed
• Dreifuss FE, Penry JK, Rose SW, Kupferberg HJ, Dyken P, Sato S: Serum clonazepam concentrations in children with absence seizures. Neurology. 1975 Mar;25(3):255-8. Pubmed
• Rosen GM, Turner MJ 3rd: Synthesis of spin traps specific for hydroxyl radical. J Med Chem. 1988 Feb;31(2):428-32. Pubmed