• Reductive coupling has been used in a relatively high-yielding route to [2,2]-p-cyclophanes: Chem. Lett., 13 (1989); J. Chem. Soc., Perkin 1, 2029 (1991). Used in template-directed synthesis of rigid cyclophane receptor: Synlett, 462 (1991). For use in rotaxane synthesis, see: Synlett, 8975 (1992).