Substance
ID:1085
Names and Identifiers
Brand Name
AkbetaBetagan
IUPAC name
5-[(2S)-3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-one
IUPAC Traditional name
levobunolol
Synonyms
Levobunolol HClLevobunololum [INN-Latin]Levobunolol
Properties
Physical Property
Hydrophobicity(logP)
2.1
Molecule Details
Drug Groups
approved
Description
A nonselective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist used in the treatment of glaucoma. [PubChem]
Indication
For lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) and may be used in patients with chronic open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.
Pharmacology
Levobunolol is an ophthalmic beta-blocker, equally effective at β(1)- and β(2)-receptor sites. Levobunolol reduces both elevated and normal IOP in patients with or without glaucoma. In patients with elevated IOP, levobunolol reduces mean IOP by approximately 25-40% from baseline. As the drug is a nonselective &beta-adrenergic blocking agent, it can produce both systemic pulmonary and cardiovascular effects following topical application to the eye. These effects include adverse pulmonary effects (eg. bronchoconstriction, increased airway resistance), and a decrease in blood pressure and heart rate.
Toxicity
Bradycardia, hypotension, bronchospasm, and acute cardiac failure, LD50=700 mg/kg (orally in rat).
Affected Organisms
Humans and other mammals
Biotransformation
Hepatic
Absorption
80%
Half Life
20 hours
References
•
Ishibashi T, Yokoi N, Kinoshita S: Comparison of the effects of topical levobunolol and timolol solution on the human ocular surface. Cornea. 2003 Nov;22(8):709-15.
[Pubmed]
•
Ogasawara H, Yoshida A, Fujio N, Konno S, Ishiko S: [Effect of topical levobunolol on retinal, optic nerve head, and choroidal circulation in normal volunteers] Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi. 1999 Jul;103(7):544-50.
[Pubmed]
•
Leung M, Grunwald JE: Short-term effects of topical levobunolol on the human retinal circulation. Eye. 1997;11 ( Pt 3):371-6.
[Pubmed]
•
Dong Y, Ishikawa H, Wu Y, Yoshitomi T: Vasodilatory mechanism of levobunolol on vascular smooth muscle cells. Exp Eye Res. 2007 Jun;84(6):1039-46. Epub 2007 Jan 27.
[Pubmed]
•
Gonzalez JP, Clissold SP: Ocular levobunolol. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs. 1987 Dec;34(6):648-61.
[Pubmed]
•
Lesar TS: Comparison of ophthalmic beta-blocking agents. Clin Pharm. 1987 Jun;6(6):451-63.
[Pubmed]
•
Novack GD: Levobunolol for the long-term treatment of glaucoma. Gen Pharmacol. 1986;17(4):373-7.
[Pubmed]
External Links
Molecular Spectra
No Data Available
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References
• Leung M, Grunwald JE: Short-term effects of topical levobunolol on the human retinal circulation. Eye. 1997;11 ( Pt 3):371-6. Pubmed
• Dong Y, Ishikawa H, Wu Y, Yoshitomi T: Vasodilatory mechanism of levobunolol on vascular smooth muscle cells. Exp Eye Res. 2007 Jun;84(6):1039-46. Epub 2007 Jan 27. Pubmed
• Lesar TS: Comparison of ophthalmic beta-blocking agents. Clin Pharm. 1987 Jun;6(6):451-63. Pubmed
• Novack GD: Levobunolol for the long-term treatment of glaucoma. Gen Pharmacol. 1986;17(4):373-7. Pubmed
• Ogasawara H, Yoshida A, Fujio N, Konno S, Ishiko S: [Effect of topical levobunolol on retinal, optic nerve head, and choroidal circulation in normal volunteers] Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi. 1999 Jul;103(7):544-50. Pubmed
• Gonzalez JP, Clissold SP: Ocular levobunolol. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs. 1987 Dec;34(6):648-61. Pubmed
• Ishibashi T, Yokoi N, Kinoshita S: Comparison of the effects of topical levobunolol and timolol solution on the human ocular surface. Cornea. 2003 Nov;22(8):709-15. Pubmed