• Widely used for peptide coupling (see Appendix 6) via the active PFP esters, generally prepared by carbodiimide coupling: Liebigs Ann. Chem., 1421 (1973); Tetrahedron Lett., 1785 (1974). With Fmoc-protected amino acids, the coupling takes place very rapidly, which reduces the amount of Fmoc-cleavage during the peptide bond formation: Synthesis, 325 (1983). Fmoc protected PFP esters have also been applied in solid phase peptide synthesis: Tetrahedron, 44, 843 (1988). PFP esters have been recommended for preparation of derivatives of heterocyclic acids, effective where DCC or DIC alone fail: Synth. Commun., 28, 753 (1998).
• For preparation and use of the moderately stable PFP formate as a formylating agent for amines and amino acids, see: Synthesis, 510 (1987).