Molecule

Drug Groups

illicit; approved

Description

Amphetamine is a chiral compound. The racemic mixture can be divided into its optical antipodes: levo- and dextro-amphetamine. Amphetamine is the parent compound of its own structural class, comprising a broad range of psychoactive derivatives, e.g., MDMA (Ecstasy) and the N-methylated form, methamphetamine. Amphetamine is a homologue of phenethylamine.

Indication

For treatment of Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity (ADDH) and narcolepsy in children.

Pharmacology

Amphetamine and dextroamphetamine, non-catechloamine sypathomimetic agents, are used in combination to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or narcolepsy. Adderall consists of equivalent amounts of amphetamine aspartate, amphetamine sulfate, dextroamphetamine saccharate, and dextroamphetamine sulfate.

Toxicity

LD₅₀=180 mg/kg(subcutaneous injection in rat). The most common presenting symptoms seen are agitation, hallucinations, suicidal behaviour, and chest pain.

Affected Organisms

Biotransformation

Hepatic

Absorption

Amphetamine forms easily absorbed molecules that are highly lipid soluble

Half Life

10 hours

Protein Binding

15-40%

References

External Links

Drug Groups

illicit; approved

Description

Dextroamphetamine is the dextrorotary stereoisomer of the amphetamine molecule, which can take two different forms. It is a slightly polar, weak base and is lipophilic.

Indication

Used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Pharmacology

Amphetamines such as dextroamphetamine are noncatecholamine, sympathomimetic amines with CNS stimulant activity. Peripheral actions include elevations of systolic and diastolic blood pressures and weak bronchodilator and respiratory stimulant action. There is neither specific evidence that clearly establishes the mechanism whereby amphetamines produce mental and behavioral effects in children, nor conclusive evidence regarding how these effects relate to the condition of the central nervous system.

Toxicity

In rats, the oral LD50 of dextroamphetamine sulfate is 96.8 mg/kg. Manifestations of acute overdosage with amphetamines include restlessness, tremor, hyperreflexia, rhabdomyolysis, rapid respiration, hyperpyrexia, confusion, assaultiveness, hallucinations, panic states. Fatigue and depression usually follow the central stimulation. Cardiovascular effects include arrhythmias, hypertension or hypotension, and circulatory collapse. Gastrointestinal symptoms include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps. Fatal poisoning is usually preceded by convulsions and coma.

Affected Organisms

Biotransformation

Hepatic.

Absorption

Oral bioavailability is over 75%.

Half Life

10-28 hours (average is approximately 12 hours)

References

External Links