• Nolen WA: [Classical monoamine oxidase inhibitor: not registered for, but still a place in the treatment of depression] Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2003 Oct 4;147(40):1940-3. Pubmed
• Sowa BN, Holt A, Todd KG, Baker GB: Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, their structural analogues, and neuroprotection. Indian J Exp Biol. 2004 Sep;42(9):851-7. Pubmed
An irreversible non-selective inhibitor of monoamine oxidase. May be used to treat major depressive disorder.
Indication
For the treatment of major depressive disorder. Has also been used with some success in the management of bulimia nervosa.
Pharmacology
Phenelzine belongs to a class of antidepressants called monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). MAO is an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of a number of amines, including serotonin, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine. Two isoforms of MAO, A and B, are found in the body. MAO-A is mainly found within cells located in the periphery and catalyzes the breakdown of serotonin, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine and tyramine. MAO-B acts on phenylethylamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine and tyramine, is localized extracellularly and is found predominantly in the brain. While the mechanism of MAOIs is still unclear, it is thought that they act by increasing free serotonin and norepinephrine concentrations and/or by altering the concentrations of other amines in the CNS. It has been postulated that depression is caused by low levels of serotonin and/or norepinephrine and that increasing serotonergic and norepinephrinergic neurotransmission results in relief of depressive symptoms. MAO A inhibition is thought to be more relevant to antidepressant activity than MAO B inhibition. Selective MAO B inhibitors, such as selegiline, have no antidepressant effects. Response to therapy generally occurs 2 - 4 weeks following onset though some patients may not experience symptom relief for up to 8 weeks.
Toxicity
Symptoms of overdose include drowsiness, dizziness, faintness, irritability, hyperactivity, agitation, severe headache, hallucinations, trismus, opisthotonos, convulsions and coma, rapid and irregular pulse, hypertension, hypotension and vascular collapse, precordial pain, respiratory depression and failure, hyperpyrexia, diaphoresis, and cool, clammy skin. Hypertensive crisis may occur with the ingestion of tyramine-rich foods such as cured meats, poultry or fish, aged cheeses, concentrated soy products, tap beer and wine, yeast extracts, broad bean pods and fava beans and sauerkraut.
Affected Organisms
Humans and other mammals
Biotransformation
Hepatic. Acetylation of phenelzine appears to be a minor metabolic pathway. Beta-phenylethylamine is a metabolite of phenelzine, and there is indirect evidence that phenelzine may also be ring-hydroxylated and N-methylated.
Absorption
Readily absorbed after oral administration.
Half Life
1.2-11.6 hours following single dose administration. Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics have not been studied.
Elimination
NARDIL ? is extensively metabolized, primarily by oxidation via monoamine oxidase.
References
•
Nolen WA: [Classical monoamine oxidase inhibitor: not registered for, but still a place in the treatment of depression] Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2003 Oct 4;147(40):1940-3.
[Pubmed]
•
Sowa BN, Holt A, Todd KG, Baker GB: Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, their structural analogues, and neuroprotection. Indian J Exp Biol. 2004 Sep;42(9):851-7.
[Pubmed]
